bureaucracy

英[,bjʊ(ə)'rɒkrəsɪ] 美[bjʊ'rɑkrəsi]

反义词

复数: bureaucracies;

bureaucracy 官僚主义

bureau, 办公室。cracy, 统治。

bureaucracy (n.): 1818, from French bureaucratie, coined by French economist Jean Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay (1712-1759) on model of democratie, aristocratie, from bureau "office," literally "desk" (see bureau) + Greek suffix -kratia denoting "power of" (see -cracy).
That vast net-work of administrative tyranny ... that system of bureaucracy, which leaves no free agent in all France, except for the man at Paris who pulls the wires. [J.S. Mill, "Westminster Review" XXVIII, 1837]

bureaucrat, &c. The formation is so barbarous that all attempt at self-respect in pronunciation may perhaps as well be abandoned. [Fowler]

1. People usually complain about having to deal with too much bureaucracy.: 人们经常抱怨不得不应付太多的繁文缛节。

2. His firm must contend with the unwieldy Russian bureaucracy.: 他的公司必须与俄罗斯庞大的官僚机构周旋。

3. They're making efforts to streamline their normally cumbersome bureaucracy.: 他们正努力精简本来繁冗复杂的官僚体制。